Reviewing Crippled America

Book Review. “Crippled America - How to Make America Great Again” by Donald J. Trump

March 20, 2016

Note at August 31, 2016: The book was renamed, apparently in July 2015, and is now available as "Great Again: How to Fix Our Crippled America."

Full disclosure: Of the candidates still in the race at March 20, 2016, I prefer Bernie Sanders. After reading this book, my opinion of Donald Trump has changed little, and for me, he remains the worst choice.

In summary, Mr. Trump presents illogical and non-factual arguments for his policies in a sophisticated rhetorical style, and for some policies, such as his health care plan, he entirely omits any substantial presentation.

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Here’s the basic pattern from “Crippled America”. Trump is consistent in his book with his speeches and debates. In his discussion of each issue, Trump starts with the emotion-stirring motive, “ is a mess.” Sometimes he substitutes “broken” or “is terrible” for “a mess”, or “doesn’t work” for “is a mess.”  Next, he elaborates on this a little with some unverifiable statements, such as “ is out of control.” He may give us an unverifiable anecdote or two. Sometimes he cites facts that aren’t facts, such as that the Great Wall of China was never breached. To assure us we should take him seriously, he often reminds us he is rich, employs many people, has built many properties, has negotiated many deals, and has great audience approval ratings. He may cite some proverb, such as “When you’re digging yourself deeper and deeper into a hole, stop digging.” But with rare exceptions, he doesn’t bother to substantiate his initial assertion “X is a mess.” Asserting it establishes its truth only if you are satisfied that “X is a mess” suffices for truth. Next, he says what he’s going to do about it. Since he hasn’t bothered to establish that the “mess” actually is a mess, and he hasn’t told us its history or dynamic in any verifiable way, the policy he offers doesn’t have any traceable logical relation to the “mess”. Nor is the dynamic of the policy for fixing the “mess” obvious. Nor, generally, do examples readily come to mind of similar policies having been beneficial elsewhere. By rhetorical questions and omissions, Trump invites his audience to make up the missing parts of the story.

A fundamental logical deficiency cuts through Trump’s advocacies. Professors of logic,  mathematics and the sciences teach their students an essential principle of critical thinking, because it underlies all scientific theory. Students of other disciplines such as engineering and business and law often learn it as a valid method that promotes clearer understanding of cause and effect relationships. The principle is this: Any conclusion is possible from a false premise.

Trump starts every discussion of an issue with a statement that we can’t recognize as true or verifiable. “X is a mess,” is his statement about the world or some aspect of it. “X is a mess,” is more or less equivalent to “I felt grumpy when I woke up this morning.” We can’t deny that Trump utters the pessimist’s subjective expression, and that tells us something about Trump, but nothing about X. “X is a mess” is an unverified and unverifiable premise. It might be false, and we have no way of knowing otherwise. However, if we woke up grumpy today, too, we might be willing to believe “X is a mess” is true, without evidence.

But Trump skillfully exercises Aristotelian rhetoric. Having used “X is a mess” to incite our emotions, he assures us we can trust his judgement because he speaks with the authority of a rich, successful businessman with great public opinion polls. We can’t seriously quibble with this self-description, but what does that tell us about the premise, “X is a mess”? Does his authority give him sufficient knowledge of X that we can believe “X is a mess”?

Trump provides the final rhetorical element, the proposed policy, with an urgency, “we need to fix this problem now.” He doesn’t tell us why this fix works or how it derives from “X is a mess”. He may again invoke his authoritative knowledge. The policy he proposes may have crippling internal inconsistencies or violations of natural law or tyrannical abuses of government power or other flaws. It may even work, but we have no compelling explanation. “X is a mess” remains the unverified premise, and Trump can logically draw any conclusion whatever from his unverified premise.

In other words, Trump’s arguments are vapid, told with a most skillful sales style.

Trump does make some exceptions and provides some substance here and there. He does provide some evidence that he has managment savvy and knows how to negotiate complex agreements.

Trump shows familiarity with negotiations when he writes

Yet every party to a decision needs to feel his position is understood. The hardest part of putting up a building is getting the city officials, the city council, the environmentalists, local zoning boards, and the ever-critical media to agree that this was an acceptable project. Then we have to bring in the banks, the contractors, and the unions to make sure the project is financially feasible. If I’d said at the beginning, “This is exactly the way we’re going to construct this building,” the headlines would have announced: MAJOR OPPOSITION TO NEW TRUMP PROJECT! Nothing would get done.

He advocates reviewing the reports of each government agency’s Inspector General to identify waste, and he cites Walter Hickey’s report in 2013 in Business Insider that easily identified $15 billion in budget cuts. That’s verifiable, though not yet verified, and though but a tiny portion of the national budget.

In the chapter on infrastructure, he cites several sources and knowledgeable people.

But those exceptions stand out like isolated trees in a vast, empty plain.

Sometimes he makes a statement I think is right, although he presents them as unsubstantiated assertions. For example, Trump says that for each situation, he would get the best people for the job and put them on the job. On this topic, he channels Peter Drucker. For another example, he writes “... middle-class incomes are stagnant and more than 40 million citizens are living at poverty levels,” facts he could have attributed to Emmanuel Saez and the US Census. That he and I agree is merely coincidence, I must suppose. Trump hasn’t much concern for whether assertions rest on fact or not, so citations don’t matter for him. He says he differs from the other candidates in that he tells the truth. I think he says what he thinks. He speaks candidly, which is commendable. However, he gives no indication that he can recognize truth.

The policies Trump advocates include numerous fallacies, appeals to abuses of Constitutional and human rights, and incomprehensible notions.

For example, he writes “Our leaders must … engage with foreign governments to stop illegal immigration...” That is, he wants foreign governments to prevent their citizenry from traveling, much like East Germany did. Further, on immigration, he writes “The countries south of us are not sending us their best people.” The distortion here is in the framing. The “countries”, by which I suppose he means “governments”, aren’t “sending” anyone. The governments don’t have programs for rounding up people and shipping them to the US. The migrants arrive at the US by their own volition, except for a few refugees who are coerced.

Trump calls for curtailing “birthright citizenship”, the constitutional provision (14th Amendment) that a person born in the United States is a citizen of the United States. Trump intends to change it in court and in the Congress. But change requires a constitutional amendment.

In foreign policy, Trump advocates gunboat diplomacy by enlarging the US military forces and billing the governments of Saudi Arabia, Germany, South Korea, Japan and Britain for it. This resembles 19th-century imperialism in some respects. He asserts that in the first Iraq war, when Kuwait was overrun by the military of Saddam Hussein, Kuwait gave the US nothing for repelling Saddam Hussein. This is false, because the government of Kuwait paid the US defense department several tens of billions of dollars in compensation. Trump further asserts that some Kuwaiti investors chose, after the war, not to invest part of their fortunes in the US. Then Trump asks “How stupid are we?!” But he doesn’t address why he thinks it would be appropriate for the US government to commandeer the investments of any investor, nor does he address whether the US government went into this war for the purpose of obtaining investments by foreigners in the US.

On global warming, which, along with nuclear weapons, is one of the two things that could end the human race, Trump considers it less important than ISIS, and less important than millions of residences encumbered by debt greater than the property value. He claims climate change isn’t anthropogenic. He misrepresents cap and trade programs as taxes.

Trump calls Obamacare a “disaster” and a “catastrophe”. He makes several unsupported assertions and says he will replace Obamacare. But he says he does favor universal health care. He calls for permitting and requiring health insurance companies to compete across state lines and privatizing all health care insurance. The role of government will be to assure the companies are financially sound. He advocates a free private insurance market under federal, not state, regulation. The pre-Obamacare private insurance market left millions uninsured, with steeply rising premiums on the insured.

Finally, Trump says he did file a financial disclosure of 92 pages with his declarations of candidacy for President. I did find a copy of “Executive Branch Personnel Public Financial Disclosure Report (OGE Form 278e)” at https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2175187/trump.pdf, but not on his campaign website. Form 278e is dated July 15, 2015 and contains a detailed list of investments. I did take a quick look, and I found what appear to be a variety of unsurprising investments, and I found none of the opaque offshore investments that figured so prominently in Mitt Romney’s tax return. There is some information on income, but no summarizations of anything, so the 92-pager is difficult to comprehend. The Wall Street Journal provided an analysis: http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/07/22/what-we-learned-in-donald-trumps-financial-disclosure/ . In the book, Trump shows a one-page summary balance sheet showing liabilities of $502m and net worth of $8,736m. The opaque part is captioned “Other Assets (net of debt)”, valued at $317m with the amounts of pertinent assets and liabilities impossible to determine. At this writing, Trump has not yet disclosed his income tax returns.

In conclusion, his book is consistent with, though not quite so fiery as, his public appearances. The proposals to persecute muslims and to arrest and deport all illegal aliens aren’t mentioned in the book. Trump appears to think an issue is worth considering if he thinks it is a “mess”. He advocates a variety of costly and democratically infeasible policies to deal with the “messes”. His demands on other governments, his insults of Latin Americans, his demands for “winning” some kind of competition with China, Japan and Korea would bring him into office with multiple foreign crises of his own making. The bizarre, counterproductive and dangerous nature of the policies he describes leads one to suspect that the unknown future will bring challenges that the hypothetically future president Trump would mishandle, as he mishandles the current issues of which we know. And in his financial disclosures, he leaves much undisclosed.

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Comparing Trump and Mussolini

Hitler and Mussolini 
Photo credit: http://benitomussoliniitaly.weebly.com/relationships-with-foreign-leaders.html

If you visit YouTube, you can type “Mussolini” in the search bar, then in the Filters menu, choose Playlist. Or click here. (Ignore Alessandra Mussolini, Benito's granddaughter who made a living taking her clothes off before running for public office.) You will find dozens of old biographies of Benito Mussolini, Il Duce, the authoritarian head of state in Italy in World War 2.

Some friends had said things like “Donald Trump is like Mussolini,” and “Donald Trump is like Hitler”. If there is some politician you don’t like, you can say he is “just like Hitler” or some such, and it’s probably somewhat true. Everybody has at least something in common with Hitler. Because such phrases are ad hominem slurs on the subject, I like to think I don’t give them much credence.

We see in these historical extraordinary figures (and some others such as Napoleon, Stalin, Mao, Leopold II of Belgium) a close association with events we don’t want our society to repeat. We shiver a bit and think “What if [contemporary politician] is just like Mussolini?” We answer our own question with the implication that, by agreeing with [contemporary politician], we would advocate dictatorship.

I spent a Sunday afternoon watching Mussolini biographies on YouTube. Some characteristics shared by Benito Mussolini and Donald Trump are these:

Charm. Mussolini began his career as an editor for socialist newspapers. His readership loved his work, and with time, he was highly regarded. In later life as a political leader, he gave stirring speeches that excited the crowds. Trump gives a speech, and the crowd goes wild.

Loose with the Truth. The professional fact-checkers catalog the numerous major inaccuracies of Trump’s public statements. He isn’t the first politician to tell a lie, but he tells whoppers, and relatively many of them. Mussolini said that he could often easily convince people of falsehoods. With the general public’s quickly forgetting what happened not long ago, he could even contradict his earlier statements.

Cultivation of Personal Story. Both Mussolini and Trump worked public relations to portray themselves in the grandest and most flattering light.

Ambiguity in Political Affiliation. Although he had made his mark as a widely respected socialist, when Mussolini seized totalitarian power, communists and socialists in the national parliament opposed him, so he arrested many of them, and he remains suspected of killing some. Trump changed his allegiance among political parties several times.

Ethnic Cleansing. Trump has advocated expelling millions of Mexicans from the USA for their alleged criminality, and creating special conditions on the travels of Muslims due to their alleged terrorism. Mussolini asserted a “natural law” requiring Italians to dominate the Slavs of the Balkans.

Human Rights. Mussolini removed constitutional provisions protecting free speech, multiple political parties, and removed various constraints on government power. Trump advocates for violations of the Geneva Conventions  such as torture and collective punishments. He also advocates for “opening” libel laws, making libel suits easier when a publication has been “unfair” or “incorrect” or “false”.
 
The Only One. Trump said in his speech accepting the nomination of the Republican Party for President that he is “Nobody knows the system better than me. Which is why I alone can fix it.” Mussolini said that he was the only one who could make Italy great again.

For us, one important difference is that Donald Trump has not yet ascended to executive power, whereas Mussolini did have and use executive power to express his will. Just because Trump shares some traits with Mussolini, we can’t logically infer Trump’s election will have outcomes similar to Mussolini’s rule in Italy.

Full Disclosure: I find most objectionable Donald Trump’s promises to abridge the laws of war, and to practice religious and ethnic discrimination. I also object to other policies he has advocated, such as nuclear proliferation, hesitant response to a call from NATO, high tariffs, expanded military spending with reduced taxes, reduced taxation relatively beneficial to the wealthy, and ending universal health care with a return to private health insurance plans. He doesn’t attempt to explain himself logically, but by ad hominem comments and inexcusable discourtesy. I find Donald Trump categorically unsuitable for President. Despite her faults, I will vote for Hillary Clinton.